This study investigates the perceptions of librarians on challenges and effects of low patronage of library resources and services in Agricultural Libraries, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, Nigeria. Agricultural libraries play a vital role in advancing education, research and innovation in agriculture and related fields, yet their utilization remains low, raising concerns about their relevance in the digital age. The research has three objectives, namely: to determine the effects of low patronage of Library resources and services, to find out the perception of librarians on low patronage of library resources and services and to identify the challenges that are associated with Library users’ low patronage of Library resources and services in Agricultural Libraries, ABU, Zaria, Nigeria. A survey design was employed, using total enumeration sampling of all forty-seven (47) librarians in the Agricultural Libraries. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentages). Findings revealed some of the effects of low patronage to include reduced academic performance, weakened research output and declining institutional relevance. Librarians perceived that the root causes of this problem include outdated and insufficient collections, poor awareness of available services, low levels of information literacy, preference for easily accessible digital alternatives etc., the challenges identified span infrastructural, technological, administrative, and user-related barriers, such as poor funding, restrictive access policies, and so on. This study concludes that low patronage reflects not only user attitudes but systemic issues requiring strategic interventions. It recommends regular updates and modernization of collections, embracing open access policies, proactive outreach and user-centered service delivery to reposition agricultural libraries as indispensable partners for research, education and national development.